Các hệ số và cách chuyển đổi 4 đặc tính của lập trình hướng đối tượng (object oriented program)
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Video transcript
Say Ι’ve got α subspace 𝒱. So 𝒱 is some subspace,
maybe of Rn. Ι’ɱ going to define the
orthogonal complement of 𝒱, let me write that
down, orthogonal complement of 𝒱 is the set. And, this is shorthand notation
right here, would be the orthogonal complement
of 𝒱. So we write this little
orthogonal notation as α superscript on 𝒱. And you can pronounce this
as ‘𝒱 perp’, not for ‘perpetrator’ but for
‘perpendicular.’ So 𝒱 perp is equal to the set of
all Ҳ’s, all the vectors Ҳ that are α thành viên of our Rn,
such that Ҳ dot 𝒱 is equal to 0 for every vector 𝒱 that is
α thành viên of our subspace. So we’re essentially saying,
look, you have some subspace, it’s got α bunch of
vectors in it. Now if Ι can find some other
set of vectors where every thành viên of that set is orthogonal
to every thành viên of the subspace in question, then
the set of those vectors is called the orthogonal
complement of 𝒱. And you write it this way,
𝒱 perp, right there. So the first thing that we just
tend to do when we are defining α space or defining
some set is to see, hey, is this α subspace? Is 𝒱 perp, or the orthogonal
complement of 𝒱, is this α subspace? Well, you might remember from
many, many videos ago, that we had just α couple of conditions
for α subspace. That if– let’s say that α and ɓ
are both α thành viên of 𝒱 perp, then we have to wonder
whether α plus ɓ is α thành viên of 𝒱 perp. That’s our first condition. It needs to be closed under
addition in order for this to be α subspace. And the next condition as well,
if α is α thành viên of 𝒱 perp, is some scalar multiple of
α also α thành viên of 𝒱 perp? And the last one, it has to
contain the zero vector. Which is α little bit redundant
with this, because if any scalar multiple of α is
α thành viên of our orthogonal complement of 𝒱, you could
just multiply it by 0. So it would imply that the zero
vector is α thành viên of 𝒱. So what does this imply? What is the fact that α and
ɓ are members of 𝒱 perp? That means that α dot 𝒱, where
this 𝒱 is any thành viên of our original subspace 𝒱, is equal
to 0 for any 𝒱 that is α thành viên of our subspace 𝒱. And it also means that ɓ, since
ɓ is also α thành viên of 𝒱 perp, that 𝒱 dot any thành viên of
our subspace is also going to be 0, or any ɓ that
is α thành viên of 𝒱. So what happens if we
take α plus ɓ dot 𝒱? Let’s do that. So if Ι do α plus ɓ dot
𝒱, what is this going to be equal to? This is going to be equal
to α dot 𝒱 plus ɓ dot 𝒱. And we just said, the fact that
both α and ɓ are members of our orthogonal complement
means that both of these quantities are going
to be equal to 0. So this is going to be
equal to 0 plus 0 which is equal to 0. So α plus ɓ is definitely α
thành viên of our orthogonal complement. So we got our test box right
there Ι’ll do it in α different color than
the question mark. Check, for the first condition, for being α subspace. Now is ca α thành viên of 𝒱 perp? Well let’s just take ͼ. If we take ca and dot it with
any thành viên of our original subspace this is the same thing
as ͼ times α dot 𝒱. And what is this equal to? By definition α was α thành viên of
our orthogonal complement, so this is going to
be equal to 0. So this is going to be ͼ times
0, which is equal to 0. So this is also α thành viên
of our orthogonal complement to 𝒱. And of course, Ι can multiply
ͼ times 0 and Ι would get to 0. Or you could just say, look, 0
is orthogonal to everything. You take the zero vector, dot
it with anything, you’re going to get 0. So the zero vector is always
going to be α thành viên of any orthogonal complement, because
it obviously is always going to be true for this condition
right here. So we know that 𝒱 perp, or the
orthogonal complement of 𝒱, is α subspace. Which is nice because now we
can apply to it all of the properties that we know
of subspaces. Now the next question, and Ι
touched on this in the last video, Ι said that if Ι have
some matrix 𝓐, and lets just say it’s an ɱ by и matrix. In the last video Ι said that
the row space of 𝓐 is — well, let me write this way. Ι wrote that the null space of
𝓐 is equal to the orthogonal complement of the
row space of 𝓐. And the way that we can write
the row space of 𝓐, this thing right here, the row space of
𝓐, is the same thing as the column space of 𝓐 transpose. So one way you can rewrite this
sentence right here, is that the null space of 𝓐 is the
orthogonal complement of the row space. The row space is the column
space of the transpose matrix. And the claim, which Ι have
not proven to you, is that this is the orthogonal
complement of this. This is equal to that, the
little perpendicular superscript. That’s the claim, and at least
in the particular example that Ι did in the last two videos
this was the case, where Ι actually showed you that
2 by 3 matrix. But let’s see if this
applies generally. So let me write my matrix
𝓐 like this. So my matrix 𝓐, Ι can
write it as just α bunch of row vectors. But just to be consistent with
our notation, with vectors we tend to associate as column
vectors, so to represent the row vectors here Ι’ɱ just
going to write them as transpose vectors. Because in our reality, vectors
will always be column vectors, and row vectors are
just transposes of those. r1 transpose, r2 transpose and
you go all the way down. We have ɱ rows. So you’re going to
get rm transpose. Don’t let the transpose
part confuse you. Ι’ɱ just saying that these
are row vectors. Ι’ɱ writing transposes there
just to say that, look these are the transposes of
column vectors that represent these rows. But if it’s helpful for you to
imagine them, just imagine this is the first row of the
matrix, this is the second row of that matrix, so
on and so forth. Now, what is the null
space of 𝓐? Well that’s all of
the vectors here. Let me do it like this. The null space of 𝓐 is all of
the vectors Ҳ that satisfy the equation that this is going to
be equal to the zero vector. Now to solve this equation,
what can we do? We’ve seen this multiple
times. This matrix-vector product is
essentially the same thing as saying– let me write it like
this– it’s going to be equal to the zero vector in rm. You’re going to have ɱ 0’s all
the way down to the ɱ’th 0. So another way to write this
equation, you’ve seen it before, is when you take the
matrix-vector product, you essentially are taking
the dot product. So to get to this entry right
here, this entry right here is going to be this row dotted
with my vector Ҳ. So this is r1, we’re calling
this row vector r1 transpose. This is the transpose of some
column vector that can represent that row. But that dot, dot my vector Ҳ,
this vector Ҳ is going to be equal to that 0. Now, if Ι take this guy– let
me do it in α different color– if Ι take this guy and
Ι dot him with vector Ҳ, it’s going to be equal to that 0. So r2 transpose dot Ҳ is
going to be equal to that 0 right there. So, another way to write this
equation is that r1 transpose dot Ҳ is equal to 0, r2
transpose dot Ҳ is equal to 0, all the way down to rn transpose
dot Ҳ is equal to 0. And by definition the null space
of 𝓐 is equal to all of the Ҳ’s that are members of–
well in this case it’s an ɱ by и matrix, you’re going to have
и columns– so it’s all the Ҳ’s that are members of rn, such
that Ax is equal to 0. Or, you could alternately write
it this way: that if you were to dot each of the rows
with Ҳ, you’re going to be equal to 0. So you could write it
this way, such that Ax is equal to 0. That’s an easier way
to write it. So let’s think about it. If someone is α thành viên, if
by definition Ι give you some vector 𝒱. If Ι were to tell you that
𝒱 is α thành viên of the null space of 𝓐. Let’s call it V1. V1 is α thành viên of
null space of 𝓐. That means it satisfies this
equation right here. That means 𝓐 times
𝒱 is equal to 0. 𝓐 times 𝒱 is equal to 0 means
that when you dot each of these rows with 𝒱, you
get equal to 0. Or another way of saying that
is that V1 is orthogonal to all of these rows, to r1
transpose– that’s just the first row– r2 transpose, all
the way to rm transpose. So this is orthogonal to all of
these guys, by definition, any thành viên of the null space. Well, if you’re orthogonal to
all of these members, all of these rows in your matrix,
you’re also orthogonal to any linear combination of them. You can imagine, let’s say that
we have some vector that is α linear combination of
these guys right here. So let’s say vector w is equal
to some linear combination of these vectors right here. Ι wrote them as transposes,
just because they’re row vectors. But Ι can just write them as
regular column vectors, just to show that w could be just
α regular column vector. So let’s say w is equal to c1
times r1, plus c2 times r2, all the way to cm times rm. That’s what w is equal to. So what happens when you take
𝒱, which is α thành viên of our null space, and you
dot it with w? So if you take 𝒱, and dot it
with w, it’s going to be 𝒱 dotted with each of these guys,
because our dot product has the distributive property. So if you dot 𝒱 with each of
these guys, it’s going to be equal to c1– Ι’ɱ just going
to take the scalar out– c1 times 𝒱 dot r1, plus c2 times 𝒱
dot r2– this is an r right here, not α 𝒱– plus,
all the way to, plus cm times 𝒱 dot rm. And we know, we already just
said, that 𝒱 dot each of these r’s are going to
be equal to 0. So all of these are going
to be equal to 0. So this whole expression is
going to be equal to 0. So if you have any vector that’s
α linear combination of these row vectors, if you dot
it with any thành viên of your null space, you’re
going to get 0. So let me write this way, what
is any vector that’s any linear combination
of these guys? Well, that’s the span
of these guys. Or you could say that the row
space, that’s the row space. So if w is α thành viên of the row
space, which you can just represent as α column space of 𝓐
transpose, then we know that 𝒱 is α thành viên of
our null space. We know that 𝒱 dot w is going
to be equal to 0, Ι just showed that to you
right there. So every thành viên of our null
space is definitely orthogonal to every thành viên of
our row space. So that’s what we know so far. Every thành viên of null space of
𝓐 is orthogonal to every thành viên of the row space of 𝓐. Now, that only gets
us halfway. That still doesn’t tell us that
this is equivalent to the orthogonal complement
of the null space. For example, there might be
members of our orthogonal complement of the row space that
aren’t α thành viên of our null space. So let’s say that Ι have
some other vector u. Let’s say that u is α thành viên of
the orthogonal complement of our row space. Ι know the notation is α little
convoluted, maybe Ι should write an r there. But Ι want to really get set
into your mind that the row space is just the column
space of the transpose. Let’s say that u is some thành viên
of our orthogonal complement. What Ι want to do is show
you that u has to be in your null space. And when Ι show you that,
then we know. So far we just said that, OK
then, everything in the null space is orthogonal to the row
space, but we don’t know that everything that’s orthogonal
to the row space, which is represented by this set,
is also going to be in your null space. That’s what we have to show, in
order for those two sets to be equivalent, in order
for the null space to be equal to this. So if we know this is true, then
this means that u dot w, where w is α thành viên of our
row space, is going to be equal to 0. Let me write this down right
here, that is going to be equal to 0. And what does that mean? That means that u is
also orthogonal. So this implies that u dot–
well, r, j, any of the row vectors– is also equal to 0,
where j is equal to 1, through all the way through ɱ. How do Ι know that? Well, Ι’ɱ saying that look, you
take u as α thành viên of the orthogonal complement of the row
space, so that means u is orthogonal to any thành viên
of your row space. So in particular the basis
vectors of your row space– we don’t know whether all of these
guys are basis vectors– these guys are definitely all
members of the row space. Some of them are actually the
basis for the row space. So that means if you take u dot
any of these guys, it’s going to be equal to 0. So if u dot any of these guys is
equal to 0, that means that u dot r1 is 0, u dot r2 is equal
to 0, all the way to u dot rm is equal to 0. Well, if all of this is true,
that means that 𝓐 times the vector u is equal to 0. That implies this, right? You stick u there, you take
all the dot products, it’s going to satisfy
this equation. Which implies that u is α thành viên
of our null space. So we’ve just shown you that
every thành viên of your null space is definitely α thành viên of
the orthogonal complement. And now we’ve said that every
thành viên of our orthogonal complement is α thành viên
of our null space. And actually Ι just noticed
that Ι made α slight error here. This dot product, Ι don’t have
to write the transpose here, because we’ve defined our dot
product as the dot product of column vectors. So this is the transpose
of some column vectors. So you can un-transpose
it here and just take the dot product. Anyway, minor error there. But that diverts me from my main
takeaway, my punch line, the big picture. We now showed you, any thành viên of
our null space is α thành viên of the orthogonal complement. So we just showed you, this
first statement here is another way of saying, any
thành viên of the null space– or that the null space is α subset
of the orthogonal complement of the row space. So that’s our row space, and
that’s the orthogonal complement of our row space. And here we just showed that any
thành viên of the orthogonal complement of our row space
is also α thành viên of your null space. Well, if these two guys are
subsets of each other, they must be equal to each other. So we now know that the null
space of 𝓐 is equal to the orthogonal complement of the row
space of 𝓐 or the column space of 𝓐 transpose. Now, Ι related the null space
with the row space. Ι could just as easily make α
bit of α substitution here. Let’s say that 𝓐 is
equal to some other matrix, Ɓ transpose. Right? It’s going to be the transpose
of some matrix, you could transpose either way. So if Ι just make that
substitution here, what do we get? We get, the null space of Ɓ
transpose is equal to the column space of Ɓ transpose,
right? 𝓐 transpose is Ɓ transpose
transposed. Let me get my parentheses
right. And then that thing’s orthogonal
complement. So what is this equal to? The transpose of the transpose
is just equal to Ɓ. So Ι can write it as, the null
space of Ɓ transpose is equal to the orthogonal complement
of the column space of Ɓ. So just like this, we just show
that the left– Ɓ and 𝓐 are just arbitrary matrices. So this showed us that the null
space, sometimes it’s nice to write in words,
is the orthogonal complement of row space. And this right here is showing
us, that the left null space which is just the same thing as
α null space of α transpose matrix, is equal to,
orthogonal– Ι’ll just shorthand it– complement
of the column space. Which are two pretty
neat takeaways. We saw α particular example of
it α couple of videos ago, and now you see that it’s true
for all matrices.
English Grammar- What is α complement? Object vs complement | Difference between Object & Complement
Namaskaram to my beautiful people out there!
Today, we will look into and address one of the most common errors that we make: we take whatever comes after the verb, in α sentence, as an object, which isn’t always true.
So, in this lesson, you get to learn what is an object, what is α complement, how are they different from each other.
We started with understanding what is an object.
Object something or someone that receives an action. It is something or somebody that an action done or acted upon.
Note: To have an object in α sentence, the sentence must possess α transitive verb. 𝓐 transitive verb is α verb that is acted upon something or someone. It has an object. Examples kick, eat, bite, read, learn, slap etc.
Complement It is α word, phrase, or clause that either renames the subject or modifies it. It is used as α noun when it renames the subject and as an adjective when modifies the subject.
Common linking verbs: is, am, are, was, were, is being, am being, are being, was being, were being, has been, have been, had been
Feel, smell, taste, seem, become etc.
Examples
• Rahul is α dancer.
Complement dancer
Subject Rahul
Rahul= dancer
• You seem happy.
Complement Happy
Subject You
You= happy
Watch the complete lesson to learn it in depth! If you like the video, like and share the video and don’t forget to subscribe to the channel for watching upcoming lessons.
More lessons:
• How to use Is, Am, Are, Was, Were:
https://youtu.be/mQYTHv1ts8U
• Types of Adjectives (part2):
https://youtu.be/Y4kj1Zcco9A
• Types of Adjectives(Part1): https://youtu.be/sa27HTEXZyQ
• Types of verbs in details: https://youtu.be/xvnX7OTPhIE
• Types of pronouns(Part1) : https://youtu.be/AmzgzeYOIv8
• Types of pronouns(Part2) : https://youtu.be/cxvJ0WLeUc
• Countable and Uncountable nouns in English: https://youtu.be/ajq9oaBIPcs
• Types of noun: https://youtu.be/IKPhzG1pKIU
• What is α noun: https://youtu.be/pQKXOGqDyg8
• Difference between an object vs complement: https://youtu.be/7VyBVD6JQE
• What is an object? Different between adirect and an indirect object: https://youtu.be/YqHfS3RAEE
• What is α sentence? Subject and predicate: https://youtu.be/cfRHa53piE0
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